The highly successful American conductor, composer, pianist and teacher Leonard Bernstein had a strong influence on American musical taste, particularly in his championing of Mahler. In some works, notably in West Side Story, a modern American version of Romeo and Juliet, he attempted a synthesis of American musical styles. He blurred the lines between the concert hall and musical theatre, and he created a rich array of compositions, recordings and writings.

Stage Works

Popular compositions of Bernstein include the ballet score Fancy Free and his comic opera Candide, the overture of which is part of general orchestral repertoire. Other stage works include the musicals On the Town and West Side Story, and a theatre piece based on the Roman Catholic Mass.

Orchestral and Vocal-Orchestral Music

Bernstein wrote three symphonies. Jeremiah (Symphony No 1) of 1943, with its mezzo-soprano solo, represents a religious vein in Bernstein’s music, and The Age of Anxiety (Symphony No 2) is based on the work of the English poet WH Auden. Kaddish (Symphony No 3) is a choral work.

Choral Music

The Jeremiah Symphony was followed 20 years later by another overtly Jewish work, Kaddish (Symphony No 3). Chichester Psalms, which uses Hebrew texts, was commissioned for Chichester Cathedral in the South of England. His theatrical Mass may be mentioned by the side of his later Missa brevis, based on his own incidental music for a play by Jean Anouilh (The Lark). A number of his compositions are inspired by his Jewish heritage.

The highly successful American conductor, composer, pianist and teacher Leonard Bernstein had a strong influence on American musical taste, particularly in his championing of Mahler. In some works, notably in West Side Story, a modern American version of Romeo and Juliet, he attempted a synthesis of American musical styles. He blurred the lines between the concert hall and musical theatre, and he created a rich array of compositions, recordings and writings.

Stage Works

Popular compositions of Bernstein include the ballet score Fancy Free and his comic opera Candide, the overture of which is part of general orchestral repertoire. Other stage works include the musicals On the Town and West Side Story, and a theatre piece based on the Roman Catholic Mass.

Orchestral and Vocal-Orchestral Music

Bernstein wrote three symphonies. Jeremiah (Symphony No 1) of 1943, with its mezzo-soprano solo, represents a religious vein in Bernstein’s music, and The Age of Anxiety (Symphony No 2) is based on the work of the English poet WH Auden. Kaddish (Symphony No 3) is a choral work.

Choral Music

The Jeremiah Symphony was followed 20 years later by another overtly Jewish work, Kaddish (Symphony No 3). Chichester Psalms, which uses Hebrew texts, was commissioned for Chichester Cathedral in the South of England. His theatrical Mass may be mentioned by the side of his later Missa brevis, based on his own incidental music for a play by Jean Anouilh (The Lark). A number of his compositions are inspired by his Jewish heritage.

Dmitry Shostakovich belongs to the generation of Russian composers trained principally after the Communist Revolution of 1917. He graduated from the Petrograd Conservatory as a pianist and composer, his First Symphony winning immediate favour. His subsequent career in Russia varied with the political climate. The initial success of his opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, based on Leskov and later revised as Katerina Ismailova, was followed by official condemnation, emanating apparently from Stalin himself. The composer’s Fifth Symphony, in 1937, brought partial rehabilitation, while the war years saw a propaganda coup in the Symphony No. 7, ‘Leningrad’, performed in the city under German siege. In 1948 he fell afoul of the official musical establishment with his Ninth Symphony, thought to be frivolous, but he enjoyed the relative freedom following the death of Stalin in 1953. Shostakovich outwardly and inevitably conformed to official policy, but posthumous information suggests that he remained very critical of Stalinist dictates, particularly with regard to music and the arts. He occupies a significant position in the 20th century as a symphonist and as a composer of chamber music, writing in a style that is sometimes spare in texture but always accessible, couched as it is in an extension of traditional tonal musical language.

Stage Works

Katerina Ismailova remains the principal opera of Shostakovich, other notable works being the early opera The Nose, based on Gogol, and the ballet The Golden Age. Incidental music for the theatre includes scores for Shakespeare’s Hamlet and for King Lear, the same two plays being among the films for which he wrote scores.

Orchestral Music

Symphonies

The 15 symphonies of Shostakovich range in scope from the First Symphony of 1925, a graduation composition, to the embittered Thirteenth, which uses Yevtushenko’s poems. The Fourteenth, which contains settings of various poems, came two years before the Fifteenth and last symphony of 1971. The Fifth Symphony, the immediate post-war Ninth, and the Tenth of 1953 are most often heard, while the Second and Third, with the Eleventh and Twelfth, have more overtly patriotic suggestions about them.

Concertos

Shostakovich wrote an early concerto for piano, trumpet and strings, and a second piano concerto in 1957 as a vehicle for his son, Maxim. He wrote two violin concertos and two cello concertos.

Suites

Shostakovich arranged concert suites from many of his film and theatre scores.

Choral and Vocal Music

Choral works by Shostakovich include The Execution of Stepan Razin, a setting of a text by Yevtushenko. His solo songs are generally less overtly political, evidence of a private rather than public voice.

Chamber Music

The 15 string quartets by Shostakovich form a remarkable body of work, lucid in texture, often moving in musical content. The intensely felt Viola Sonata of 1975 is the third of his duo sonatas, preceded by the 1934 Cello Sonata and the Violin Sonata of 1968. To these may be added two piano trios and the G minor Piano Quintet, written in 1944.

Piano Music

The piano music of Shostakovich includes, in addition to two piano sonatas, an ingenious set of 24 Preludes and Fugues, as well as an earlier set of 24 Preludes.